本帖最后由 chn6 于 2014-1-5 23:29 编辑
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Escapement 擒纵系统
The escapement is THE part of a clock/watch that prevents the weight of the winding mechanism plunging to the floor or prevents the mainspring to relax within seconds and which makes sure, that the pendulum (balance) swings remotely.
The Glashuetten Lever Escapement 格拉苏蒂杠杆擒纵
发明人：Ferdinat Adolf Lange 费迪南特·阿道夫·朗格 (1815 - 1875)
A good 150 years ago, Ferdinat Adolf Lange of a little town called Glashuetten (in the "Erzgebirge" - in those days the area was knowen to be pour) laid the foundation stone of a myth, which roots proved to be so strong, that they have past all adversities of history and it seems as if it's even stronger now a days than it's ever been before. This myth has grown mainly around the horology on highest level that was practised in Glashuetten (no, I should write celebrated), that was, without compromise driven to its highest stand that was technically possible - was and still is. The Glashuetten lever escapement shown here, is one of the inventions that resulted from these endeavour and a very important member of the elitist club of prefabricated parts that has bought the afore mentioned myth - its significance...
Why all of these laurels?
Well, the Glashuetten lever escapement originated in a time, when the technical potential was not entirely exhausted. And just within that time a construction of a lever escapement was created that put the measuring pole on which the other construction had to orientate (if they wanted to compete with it) up high. For a few variations too high (i.e. the English Lever Escapement, a. s. o.) The only one that could reach this level over the years, was the Swiss Lever Escapement, only to outdo it slowly. This was done especially with regards to the costs of production. This was something, that the town of Glashuetten did not give too much attention to.
But what are the features of the Glashuetten Lever Escapement?
For instant the material. Escape wheel and lever are made of a hardened gold alloying that , due to the treatment, showed almost a strength similar to steal and most of all (this was an important factor) it did not oxidise and where the oil was kept "fresh" for a long time. In those days the question of oil was a very hot debate, as there were not many oils, that could last longer in a watch than three years without changing their chemical stability (Viscosity) considerably. This change caused and still does cause a change in frequency of the regulating organ of the watch and that was something that could not be tolerated at Glashuetten at any price. Additionally, I think it has to be mentioned that gold is antimagnetic, which is not a bad thing to be found inside a watch. Furthermore, is the lever constructed in such a way, that it is absolutely balanced. If it is put into a pivot horizontally, it will stay on in any position. The question of the centre of gravity of the lever had been discussed under the point of view that the release- and power in its different positions could have been influenced by an out of the centre laying centre of gravity and which on the other hand influenced the precision...
...The pallets are covered (which really is no advantage, it is just the way it is) and show a curvature, so that no adhesions between impuls plane of the escape wheel and the pallets can occur. That on the other hand depends on the age of the oil and on its temperature and therefore on the precision...
...The banking of the way of the lever happens through a single pin that moves through a drill-hole inside the plate. The pin also serves the balancing of the weight as mentioned above. Furthermore it has the capacity that the ensemble acting of "lever-pin-drill-hole" is extremely difficult to manufacture and therefore serves to create a myth easily. It is also recognisable, that the pin is attached to a place, where most of the weight of the lever is concentrated and therefore, absorbs the weight right away in the case of an impact. In the case of an impact, the swinging of the lever is avoided and consequently the prec....
...The energy of the Swiss Lever Escapement has to be conducted through the relatively narrow lever into the banking-pins, which can possibly cause vibrations at an impact of these pins. This was at least the excuse in those days. Finally then, it is the precision with which this lever escapement has been produced. All parts are splendidly completed...
The Lever-Escapement by Hugo Mueller, Glashuetten in Saxony 穆勒杠杆擒纵
发明人：Hugo Müller 雨果·穆勒 (1863 - 1943)
...this is the title of a study of lever escapements, that was published in 1924/25 in the magazine "Uhrmacherkunst". The result of this study, held by "Timer" Hugo Müller, is the lever-escapement which peculiarity is described below.
The most obvious difference when comparing it to the Swiss- and even the "Glashuette" escapement is the design and the type of banking pins.
The design was chosen this way, so that the lever were entirely balanced, which meant, that the main focus of the lever fell together with its rotating axle. H. Mueller said, that the pallets were shorter and did not come out as far as the other pallets use to. And this is suppose to have the advantage of oil remaining in place. (a little oil is filled in at the locking face of the entry pallet, which than accumulates in a front corner. From this little "reservoir" the teeth of the escape wheel constantly draw some oil).
Nevertheless, as H. Mueller said, the most important difference in the existing lever escapement lies in the allocation of the impulse. Here the impulse plane of the escape wheel and pallets are never parallel. This has the advantage that an adhesion at the impuls plane can not occur. As adhesion is depending on the viscosity and the viscosity on the other hand rises when the oil gets older this would have a negativ effect on the energy balance of the escapement.
The Swiss Lever Escapement 瑞士杠杆擒纵
Charles Darwin would have had great pleasure if he could have followed up the evolution of the Swiss lever escapement (that is, if he would have been interested in the technique of clocks?). From a, for centuries lasting evolution of escapement types, the Swiss lever escapement turned out to be the most successful one and nowadays it is the most common escapement of them all. Nowadays it simply is "THE" escapement!
What is called, the changes of genes in nature, is what generations of Horologers' take care of when it comes to the (lifeless?) escapements. Selection use to be made, is still is according to the cost effectiveness throughout the clock-technique. From this selection process, the Swiss escapement turned out to be the glorious winner and that has, by now, reached such fame, that other escapements find it hard to survive. Considering the criteria, of the selection, it is absolutely correct.
The Spring Detent Escapement 弹簧棘爪擒纵
发明人：Ferdinad Berthoud 费迪纳德·贝尔德 (1727 - 1807)
Created to give the "exact" time to generations of seamen, to enable them to sail across the seas. The variant shown here - the Spring Detent escapement, was created mainly by Ferdinad Berthoud
Awful weather
This is the beginning of one ** in the book "Longitude" by Dave Sobel, where the tragically events of Admiral Shovell and 2000 of his seamen is told. It happened in 1707, when continuous daily fog put the victorious fleet of association the Eagle, the Romney and... home into great standby. The reason for it was, that in those days mankind was not able to make out the exact position of a ship on the open sea. This inability of locating the exact position caused the just mentioned tragedy. Only because Admiral Shovel and his officers did not know the position of their fleet but had to decide which course to take. They made the wrong decision with the result that all ships mentioned above were run to the ground at "Land's End" and ...
The Price
Everybody knew, that it could not go on like this. Too many people had to die, too much precious load was lost, too much was at stake at naval wars; only because no Captain was able to make out the exact position of their ships on the open sea, without being able to see land. It was the British {要和谐}, that put a price on the solution of this problem (a real big reward). Now they were looking for methods that were to help making out the exact position of a ship approximately 30 sea miles of shore.
The solution
Of the countless solution methods that were then represented, only two seemed possible. At one of them the constellation of certain celestial bodies were measured and observed; calculations that lasted for hours were carried out and with these results and extensive books of tables the position of the ships could be determined. In the case of the other method, the altitude of the sun was ascertained at a certain time and then found the longitude with the aid of tables readings of appropriate co-ordinates. In those days the first method was possible, but could only be carried out by a few, because the calculations were almost too extensive for the average human being. It was not unusual that the same calculation was worked out three times, each time with a different result. The second method was easy really, but impossible, as there wasn't such a clock that could give the exact time when the altitude of the sun was ascertained. But it only took 50 years until an ex-carpenter, that turned into a horologist represented the solution of the time. It was John Harrison, that unflustered the impossible into possible. He created a clock that was accurate enough to give the seamen the correct time. He introduced the age of the chronometer.
The heirs
As John Harrison showed that it was possible, the following generations concentrated on making it available to everyone and to design Chronometers in such a way that they were very accurate, very secure and reasonable. They could only be exact though, if they did not need any oil, as oil grew old quickly and than caused disturbances in the flow of power to the balance. Secure means, that the functioning was not allowed to be disturbed due to long usage (wear). Reasonable: That required a simple construction because complicated mechanisms caused a lot of work at manufacturing and therefore would have been expensive. The escapement shown here is one of two variants that gained acceptance, that were build into many chronometers that have definitely saved many seamen's life's.
Echappement naturel 自然擒纵
发明人：Abraham Louis Breguet 亚伯拉罕·路易·宝玑 (1747 - 1823)
... a Detached Escapement, thought off by Abraham Louis Breguet. Its main features are that this escapement runs without any oil, the balance swings free to its greatest possible extent, the impulse is produced close to the dead point, two opposite running escape wheels are to be found, two escape wheels exist, that are contra rotating and are compulsively coupled via gearing. A disadvantage are the relatively high rates that want to speeded up during the impulse phase - the inevitable back-lash in the teeth of the coupling wheels and the risen friction (of the pivots) due to the additional escape wheel.
The Extra Flat Co-Axial Escapement 同轴擒纵
发明人：George Daniels 乔治·丹尼尔斯 (1926 - 2011)
The way I would like to portray the work of George Daniels is from the past into the present to the future. He has looked intensively into the life of Abraham Louis Breguet and with the knowledge he gained he has written his own books which are available to everyone. But the real fruits of his studies are his watches and especially his escapement that promises more than many others...
OMEGA 第一代双层式同轴擒纵（Caliber 2500）
OMEGA 第二代三层式同轴擒纵（Caliber 8500）
Friction
There once was a time, when it took about five minutes to figure out how to start a fire. A sheltered place must be found where a dry stick is frantically rolled between the hands to drill a hole in a piece of dry wood held under the feet. If all went well then no hole was made but smoke appeared, a few sparks flew up and the fine "wood-wool" that was placed around the "drilling place" ignited. Utterly simple. Nowadays, hardly anyone does it that way. But the astonishing thing about this story is that these fire spitting drill-holes are to be found in every watch. Wherever friction occurs heat is generated and thus friction is the secret of making a fire. Wood is rubbed on top of wood and becomes warm. If done skilfully it gets so warm that it will start a fire because friction causes heat but friction will occur everywhere where two surfaces are moved against each other. For example in a watch these are the pivots in their bearings, the wheels engaging the pinions, the pallets of the escapement against the teeth of the escape wheel, the winding up of the mainspring coils against each other and so on. Of course none of these warm friction points are able to ignite a fire but nevertheless warmth is produced. And inside the watch it means that driven energy is changed or rather is lost before it reaches the balance. What is lost here can be regarded as lost energy.
Energy
Because watches are so small, an endless amount of energy cannot be stored inside and of course because friction is equated with wear, horologists try to keep the amount of lost energy as low as possible by minimising the condition of friction. Here the advantage is that a lot of energy can be "pumped" into the balance spring, which makes it insensitive against attacks from the outside e.g. against knocks.
Material
But how to minimise friction?
One way would be via the material that rubs. But two parts are needed to rub against each other when we talk about a combination of materials. Roughly speaking, there are only two of them throughout the world of horology. (Hardened) steel with brass and (hardened) steel with ruby. The two pairs undeniably develop so little friction that no fire can start!
Surface
The next thing is the surface. The smoother the surface of the contact areas, the less friction is caused. Obviously!
Oil
Well greased runs better. It is the same with watches. To reduce friction considerably it is enough to add only a touch of oil.
The years
But now it starts. Oil gets old! It ages because of its chemical composition, changes because it gets dirty from wear, attacked by bacteria and so on..., or it just disappears (it creeps away). This means that the condition of friction worsens, hence the balance gets less energy and its amplitude reduces. The balance now gets more sensitive when disturbed (bumps, knocks and so on) and the watch doesn't run accurately anymore. A contradiction!
What to do?
Lecturing horologists have been preaching for centuries that watches must be cleaned and oiled regularly. This is to ensure that the oil doesn't get too old and is used for only the period during which it demonstrates a useful lubrication capacity. A hundred years ago maintenance intervals were 2-3 years but today it lies between 3-5 years. But changing the oil in good time is not enough for the very accurate timekeepers. Marine chronometers especially were driven to the epitome of what is possible. After all, they were responsible for the lives of many seamen who depended on their navigational precision. Therefore escapements were invented that didn't need any oil. A brilliant idea, as the oil at the escapement represents a very critical influence over timekeeping accuracy. Critical, because very little energy must be transmitted as consistently as possible.
A Chronometer Escapement for the wrist
These oil-free escapements, brilliant as they may be - very particularly in marine chronometers - could never show their capabilities properly in watches because they couldn't accommodate the harsh environmental influences like bumps and knocks. The marine chronometer escapement is missing a few simple characteristics which are quite important for watches. For example two teeth of the escape-wheel can pass instead of one causing the escapement to trip. Furthermore, a watch with a chronometer escapement does not start by itself. It seems as though this fact was a thorn in the side of George Daniels because he has constructed an escapement that promises more. No oil, it starts by itself, a safeguard against the tripping and an impulse at each vibration. All of this is so promising that nowadays it has become standard in some watches. You may now ask, what about the oil? Well, time will definitely answer this question. Let's wait another 5 - 10 years.
The Dual-Direkt-Escapement 双轮直推擒纵
The Pin Pallet Escapement 针式棘爪擒纵
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Striking-mechanisms 打鸣系统
The duty of the striking mechanism is, to convey the time to people in an acoustic way.
300 years back in time
Just imagine you wouldn't be alive now, but let's say about 300 years ago.
Than you'd probably be outside on the fields, far away from the gates of your town, harvesting. You work really hard out there on your field for the next winter isn't the last one for yourself and your family. What you earn isn't very much. It is the piece of land that you are just tilling, your livestock and the clothes that you're wearing. It's not that I want you to think that you are living in pitiful poverty. No, in fact you are proud of the work that you are performing with your hands every day, you're proud of your little home and of your family and you are a great believer. This believe is shown by you praying at 7am, 12am and 6pm every day. Be it, that it is outside on the field, when you're with the animals or at home with your family.
But how do you know when it is 7am, 12am and 6pm? (Okay, of course you don't know the words 6pm). You do not earn a clock and you cannot always go by the sun either, because it is covered by clouds too often.
It is the bells of the church that acoustically give you the correct time. And for the bells to perform this, the striking-mechanism makes sure, that it is actually triggered by the clock-work mechanism of the church clock at each hour (or half an hour or quarterly hour). It is obvious that this technical finesse is not limited to church clocks. At first it was the prosperous people that bought clocks with a striking mechanism into their home. But in time more and more people could afford a clock/watch and ...
The Rack Striking Work 自鸣系统原理
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Stop works 停止系统
The so called stop works prevent the mainspring of the watch from entirely winding and entirely unwinding.
Why?
Really, there are only two requirements by a watch for the spring. 1) It should not break and 2) it should give away power in a monotonous regularity (no matter how far it has been wound up). But in the old days, the mainsprings steadfastly refused to do this. When they had been wound up real far they were bursting with power for a short while and on top of it, they liked to break. Therefore, mechanisms were invented (stop works) that protected the mainspring from being wound up too far. On top of it this mechanism also prevented the entire run down even though one could argue about this benefit. Nowadays, the mainsprings are much more tolerant than their suborn ancestor, thanks to excellent material and design. They do not break and give a steady torque. Therefore, there are no more stop works in today's watches.
The Maltese cross stop works 马耳他十字停止系统（绝秒的设计...）
... It limits the field of operations by the spring to the area in the middle. The one that is shown in the picture below is limited to exactly four rotations of the barrel. This area is distinguished through its relatively constant torque - a major condition for a steady running.
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Shock-absorbers 避震系统
What an airbag is to you in an accident is the shock-absorber to a balance staff in a crash of a watch (an impact by the watch onto a table, the floor, the wall...)
The shock-absorber system called "Incabloc" 因加百录避震系统
Endstone and pierced jewel together are set into a movable jewel setting. The setting is kept in position via a spring and it can switch from axial and radial impacts until the balance staff knocks against the corresponding body of the device. Therefore the sensitive pivot of the balance staff cannot absorb that much energy and will cause it to break.
按红色箭头演示防震原理
The shock-absorber system called "Super-Shock-Resist" 超强防震系统
Here the spring bearinged endstones will switch from an axial impact and likewise the spring bearinged pierced jewel from a radial impact. Each one will move out of the way until the balance staff knocks against the body of device and thus absorbs the energy of the impact.
按红色箭头演示防震原理
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Complications 复杂系统
Everything that is being build additionally into a clock/watch to either show (point at) something (phases of the moon, date...) to make something sound (hour...) or to gain a special effect from (Tourbillon...).
The Tourbillon 陀飞轮
陀飞轮发明人：Abram Louis Breguet 亚伯拉罕·路易·宝玑 (1747 - 1823)
“飞行”陀飞轮发明人：Paul Gerber 保罗·格柏 (1950 - )
At around 1800, when Abram Louis Breguet introduced his invention the Tourbillon the public. Since than it has electrified generations of horologists and watch lovers, because it is based on such a genius basic idea and because it is so darn difficult to put into action.
Paul Gerber from Zurich is one of the few, who is able to construct and build a Toubillon and he is also one of the very few to have build a "flying" one into a wrist watch (it's unilaterally pivitot). The plans shown in this animation come from him.
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发表于 2014-1-5 16:25:07
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发表于 2014-1-6 09:15:48